TYPHOID TREATMENT IN ALLOPATHIC

TYPHOID TREATMENT IN ALLOPATHIC

AbstractThe therapeutic efficacy of ceftriaxone was evaluated in variable dose and duration schedules in twenty patients with bacteriologically proven typhoid fever. The results were satisfactory in the cases that were given a single dose of 3 g for two days (12/12) or 4 g for one day (3/4). Some untoward reactions were observed in 8 cases, but it was not clinically significant.Ceftriaxone appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of typhoid fever when administered in a single dose of 4 g for one day or 3 g for two days on an outpatients basis.Keywords: Ceftriaxone, Typhoid fever

The Widal test is unreliable but is widely used in developing countries because of its low cost. It measures elevated antibody titers in patients with recent typhoid or paratyphoid fever but may not accurately distinguish acute from past infection and lacks specificity, resulting in false-positive results. Serologic assays are not an adequate substitute for blood, stool, or bone marrow culture.



Mallon didn’t understand how she could spread disease without being sick and continued to work as a cook after her first quarantine. She was responsible for over 100 people getting sick with typhoid fever and at least five deaths. She’s thought to be the source of an outbreak of 3,000 cases of typhoid in New York. She was quarantined a second time, for the rest of her life, and has since been known as “Typhoid Mary.”

Typhoid fever is an illness caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. The illness is contracted by ingesting the bacteria in contaminated water or food. Symptoms include headaches, fever, diarrhea, lethargy, aches and pains, and poor appetite. Treatment focuses on killing the Salmonella bacteria with antibiotics.



Prevalence of Malaria. Malaria was the most prevalent disease in the study area. From the total 200 febrile patients 73 (36.5%) were malaria positive. Of them, 32 (43.8%) were positive for P. falciparum, 30 (41.1%) were positive for P. vivax, and the remaining 11 (15.1%) were positive for both P. falciparum and P. vivax. The positivity rates of P. falciparum and P. vivax were 51.2% and 48.8%, respectively (Figure 1).



CausesTyphoid is caused by the bacteria S. typhi. It spreads through food, drinks, and drinking water that are contaminated with infected fecal matter. Washing fruit and vegetables can spread it as well if the water is contaminated.Some people have typhoid without experiencing any symptoms. Others continue to harbor the bacteria after their symptoms have gone. Sometimes, the disease can appear again.People who test positive for typhoid may not be allowed to work with children or older adults until medical tests are negative.

Overview What is typhoid fever? Typhoid fever is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi). It infects your small intestines (gut) and causes high fever, stomach pain and other symptoms. Typhoid fever is also called enteric fever. You’ll commonly hear paratyphoid fever mentioned along with typhoid. Paratyphoid fever is similar to typhoid with more mild symptoms. It’s caused by Salmonella Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi). S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are different than the Salmonella bacteria that cause salmonellosis, a common type of food poisoning. Who does typhoid fever affect? Typhoid fever is most common in rural areas of developing countries where there isn’t modern sanitation. Countries in South and Southeast Asia, Central and South America, Africa and the Caribbean are most affected by typhoid. Travelers are most at risk when visiting Pakistan, India or Bangladesh. Children are more likely to get typhoid than adults. How common is typhoid fever? It’s estimated that 11 million to 21 million people around the world get typhoid each year. It’s rare in the U.S., Canada, Japan, Western Europe and Australia. What’s a long-term carrier of typhoid fever? Some people continue to be contagious with typhoid fever even after they’ve recovered (long-term carrier). You can spread typhoid for a year or more with no symptoms. It’s important to get tested for S. Typhi after you feel better to make sure you can’t spread it to other people. What’s the difference between typhoid and typhus? While the names sound the same, typhoid and typhus are different illnesses, caused by different bacteria. The symptoms are similar — so much so that doctors used to think they were the same illness. We now know they’re different illnesses, but the similar name stuck (and so did the confusion it causes).

Information from the National Library of Medicine Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.

The positivity rates of P. falciparum and P. vivax were almost similar (51.2% and 48.8%, resp.). But according to the Federal Ministry of Health report the relative frequency of P. falciparum and P. vivax was 60% and 40%, respectively . There is a great difference in frequencies of two plasmodium species. The difference in the frequencies of the two species might be the result of the prevention and control measures employed in the study area that have higher impact on P. falciparum than P. vivax. In case of P. vivax the dormant stage of the parasite can relapse at any time and relatively maintain its prevalence in the community.

Antibiotic therapy shortens the clinical course of enteric fever and reduces the risk for death. Fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin) are often used for empiric treatment of enteric fever in adults and are considered the treatment of choice for fluoroquinolone-susceptible infections. However, most infections in the United States are acquired during travel abroad, particularly to regions where enteric fever is endemic and fluoroquinolone nonsusceptibility among Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates is common. Fluoroquinolone-nonsusceptible infections are also usually resistant to the synthetic quinolone, nalidixic acid, and have been associated with treatment failure or delayed clinical response.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium usually found in the gut. Most strains are not harmful, but some produce toxins that can lead to illnesses such as meningitis and pneumonia, as well as infections in the urinary tract and intestines. Here, learn more about E. coli infections, their treatments, and prevention.

In the past, the drug of choice was chloramphenicol. Doctors no longer commonly use it because of side effects, a high rate of health deterioration after a period of improvement (relapse) and widespread bacterial resistance.

Malaria is one of the febrile illnesses and the most common fatal disease in the world caused by one or more species of plasmodium. These are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium knowlesi. Approximately half of the world population is at risk of malaria. Most of malaria cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. According to the World malaria report 2011, there were about 216 million cases of malaria and an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010 .

Typhoid Fever Typhoid fever is an illness you get from S. Typhi bacterium. It causes a high fever, flu-like symptoms and diarrhea. You can be contagious with typhoid even if you don’t feel sick. Typhoid can be life-threatening and should be treated promptly with antibiotics. If you live in or travel to an area where typhoid is common, you should get vaccinated. Appointments 216.444.6503 Appointments & Locations Contact Us

Symptoms Early symptoms include fever, general ill-feeling, and abdominal pain. High fever (103°F, or 39.5°C) or higher and severe diarrhea occur as the disease gets worse.Some people develop a rash called "rose spots," which are small red spots on the abdomen and chest.Other symptoms that occur include:Bloody stoolsChillsAgitation, confusion, delirium, seeing or hearing things that are not there (hallucinations)Difficulty paying attention (attention deficit)NosebleedsSevere fatigueSlow, sluggish, weak feeling

The first 12–48 hours after infection are typically the asymptomatic phase. At this point, a person will have no symptoms, although the infection can spread to others.

Early symptoms include fever, general ill-feeling, and abdominal pain. High fever (103°F, or 39.5°C) or higher and severe diarrhea occur as the disease gets worse.

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MALARIA TREATMENT IN ALLOPATHIC

MLERIA TREATMENT IN ALLOPATHIC

In recent years, significant progress has been made reducing child deaths from diarrhoea. But diarrhoea remains a leading killer of young children, particularly in humanitarian settings. 

Uncomplicated malaria is defined as symptomatic malaria without signs of severity or evidence of vital organ dysfunction. Uncomplicated P. falciparum infection should be treated according to the sensitivity of the parasite at the area of acquiring the infection. To counter the threat of resistance of P. falciparum to monotherapies, and to improve treatment outcome, 

combinations of antimalarials are now recommended by WHO for the treatment of falciparum malaria. Two or more blood schizontocidal drugs with independent modes of action and thus unrelated biochemical targets in the parasite are used and at present Artemisinin Combinations (ACTs) are the recommended treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.



LAMP of parasite-specific DNA is a more recent technology more suited to ACD in endemic settings.

 The technique does not require expensive thermocyclers or gel electrophoresis, 

the readout being a visual color change in a small test tube. Recent evaluation of a commercially available kit (with P. falciparum and pan-genus-specific reagents) showed the technique to be comparable to standard nested PCR technique and superior to expert microscopy.17,18 The procedure can be completed in about 1 hour at the site of collection. A modified LAMP procedure, as well as standard nested PCR, was performed in the diagnosis of P. 

vivax in large field surveys in China.19

Chloroquine phosphate is used occasionally to decrease the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and to treat systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Talk to your doctor about the possible risks of using this drug for your condition.



Referral forms were generally filled out well by traditional healers, accuracy appeared to improve over time. Only 19 (5%) of forms were missing the name of the traditional healer, 38 (11%) were missing the date of referral, and 351 (100%) referral forms included data about the nature of the patient symptoms (either by circling pictures depicting symptoms or writing additional information on the forms). Clinical data were included with less regularity, with 22% of the forms lacking a diagnosis.



Additional informationCompeting interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Authors' contributionsSMA conceptualized and designed the study, analysed data, drafted the manuscript and made final revisions. RH did sample calculations and designed the study, analysed data and made critical revision of the manuscript. UH organized the field activities, analysed data and helped in the revision of the manuscript. AH analysed data, made the tables and helped in drafting the manuscript. All authors read the final manuscript and approved.

Artesunate: 2.4 mg/kg body weight, intravenously or intramuscularly given on admission (time = 0), then at 12 and 24 hours, and then once a day. This is the treatment of choice.

Children are especially sensitive to an overdose, so keep the medication out of the reach of children.Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor may order certain lab tests and electrocardiograms (EKG, a test to monitor your heart rate and rhythm) to check your response to chloroquine phosphate.

 Your doctor will also test your reflexes to see if you have muscle weakness that may be caused by the drug.If you are taking chloroquine phosphate for a long period of time, your doctor will recommend frequent eye exams. It is very important that you keep these appointments. Chloroquine phosphate can cause serious vision problems. If you experience any changes in vision, stop taking chloroquine phosphate and call your doctor immediately.Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription.It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies.

Diagnosis of P. vivax and G6PDd for hypnozoitocidal efficacy. The methodology of anti-relapse efficacy trials is challenging, but broadening enrollment criteria may be warranted to include those with subpatent infections. 

In this context, the use of highly sensitive diagnostic techniques such as LAMP may help to discriminate patient risk groups at enrollment. It is important to identify patients with G6PD variants known to be at high risk of severe hemolysis. Historically, the NADPH spot test (which identifies patients with < 30–40% of normal activity) has been used for this purpose, including a series of trials of PQ as primary prophylaxis in the past decade where subjects received large cumulative doses of this drug over prolonged periods.36 Although valid concerns may be raised regarding insensitivity to milder variants and female heterozygotes, there are no documented cases of acute severe hemolytic anemia following PQ therapy and a classification as normal by the NADPH spot test. At least in the specific instance of PQ, this record of safe use with NADPH spot test screening argues in favor of good safety of this technique or those of similar diagnostic performance. Nonetheless, direct evidence of safety in this practice is lacking.

A detailed clinical examination should be conducted, with particular note of the level of consciousness (the Glasgow coma scale is suitable for adults, and the simple Blantyre modification or children’s Glasgow coma scale for children). The airway should be secured in unconscious patients and breathing and circulation assessed.

 Body weight of the patient should be measured or estimated so as to calculate the dose of antimalarial drugs and fluids. An intravenous cannula should be inserted and blood should be taken for cross-match, full blood count, platelet count, clotting studies, blood culture and full biochemistry; immediate measurements of blood glucose (stick test), haematocrit/haemoglobin, parasitaemia and, in adults, renal function should also be done. Unconscious patients should have a lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis to exclude bacterial meningitis. 

The degree of acidosis is an important determinant of outcome; the plasma bicarbonate or venous lactate level should therefore be measured if possible. If facilities are available, arterial or capillary blood pH and gases should be measured in patients who are unconscious, hyperventilating or in shock. The assessment of fluid balance is critical in severe malaria.

 Respiratory distress, in particular with acidotic breathing in severely anaemic children, often indicates hypovolaemia and requires prompt rehydration and, where indicated, blood transfusion.

ConclusionTreatment for febrile illness was sought from allopathic health centres and traditional practitioners, depending upon the severity of symptoms, availability of cash, distance to health centre, road conditions, and the availability of transport. In spite of these barriers, health centres were the preferred choice for treatment. 

Improvements in local infrastructure would probably help to overcome some of these issues but are likely to take time and considerable investment. In light of redoubled efforts to eliminate malaria, however, at least in the short-term, less costly options include strengthening the network of village health volunteers and involving traditional healers. These groups are easily accessible to community members and their roles in malaria control strategies could be strengthened through training and by formalizing their links with these programmes.

Treatment of P. falciparum malaria depends on the severity of infection, status of the host and drug sensitivity pattern in the locality. In view of the potential seriousness of the infection and synergistic toxicity of antimalarial drugs, the drugs should be properly chosen right at the start of the treatment; changing the drugs or adding the drugs half-way through the treatment only complicates the issue and adds to the adverse effects of treatment.

The intrarectal dose used in treatment trials in Africa was either 12 mg/kg bw quinine base every 12 h without a loading dose, or 8 mg/kg bw every 8 h, also without a loading dose. The retention and absorption of quinine is dependent on pH. 

Results with gluconate salts (pH 4.5) cannot be extrapolated to more acidic solutions (such as the dihydrochloride salt, pH 2).

Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of therapies for acute vivax malaria, which necessarily includes both blood schizontocidal and hypnozoitocidal therapies, employs diagnostics for both the infection and G6PDd. Clinical trials of experimental therapies often demand higher standards of diagnosis than may be applied in routine clinical care, to provide greater assurance of subject safety and the precision of efficacy estimates.

Drug interactions. Primaquine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase to the biologically inert, but slowly eliminated, carboxyprimaquine, and via CYP450 (predominantly 2D6) to reactive intermediates that mediate both the antimalarial effects and hemolytic toxicity. Theoretically, inhibitors such as quinidine, ketoconazole, paroxetine, and fluoxetine may reduce toxicity, but these predictions require further study. Historic examples of likely drug–drug interactions have occurred between pamaquine (a PQ precursor) and mepacrine (structurally similar to CQ) impacting safety, and between quinine and CQ impacting efficacy against relapse.126

These children could have been saved by simple effective interventions, such as oral rehydration salt and zinc: Approximately 70 to 90 per cent of deaths caused by acute watery diarrhoea can be prevented by oral rehydration salt, while zinc is estimated to decrease diarrhoea mortality by 11.5 per cent. Appropriate fluids, breastfeeding, continued feeding and selective use of antibiotics are also critical.

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THYROID TREATMENT IN ALLOPATHIC

THYROID TREATMENT IN ALLOPATHIC

In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study, researchers examined the effect of Ashwagandha on 50 people with mild hypothyroidism that didn’t reach a clinical level. The researchers gave the participants 600 milligrams of Ashwagandha root daily for 8 weeks.



Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, just above your collarbone. It is one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones. Thyroid hormones control the rate of many activities in your body. These include how fast you burn calories and how fast your heart beats. All of these activities are your body's metabolism. Thyroid problems include: Goiter - enlargement of the thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism - when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs Hypothyroidism - when your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormones Thyroid cancer Thyroid nodules - lumps in the thyroid gland Thyroiditis - swelling of the thyroid To diagnose thyroid diseases, doctors use a medical history, physical exam, and thyroid tests. They sometimes also use a biopsy. Treatment depends on the problem, but may include medicines, radioiodine therapy, or thyroid surgery. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health

Treating Hypothyroidism Naturally — and SafelySome patients choose to supplement their treatment with alternative therapies, often to help with symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, stress, and mental fog. Treatments can include yoga, meditation, hypnosis, vitamins, or special diets. One small study of 20 female patients with hypothyroidism found that yoga did help patients manage their disease symptoms. While patients with thyroid disease are often careful to eat a diet low in iodine (which can worsen hypothyroidism once a patient has it), or to take vitamin D or calcium supplementation, no diet or nutrient can cure thyroid disease. (13,11)And many experts stress that while these complementary and alternative therapies can supplement traditional treatment, they cannot replace it. Additional reporting contributed by Melinda Carstensen and Stephanie Bucklin.



If the cancer returns after the original treatment, it is called recurrent cancer. It may come back in the same place (called a local recurrence), nearby (regional recurrence), or in another place (distant recurrence).



If Graves' disease affects your eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy), you can manage mild signs and symptoms by using artificial tears and lubricating gels and by avoiding wind and bright lights. If your symptoms are more severe, your doctor may recommend treatment with corticosteroids, such as prednisone, to reduce swelling behind your eyeballs.

Hypothyroidism is most commonly treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy, and the most effective way to treat hypothyroidism is with synthetic T4 medication. (7,5) While these hormones are identical to the natural T4 that the thyroid makes, several factors can affect the exact dosage you need. These include your age, the severity of symptoms, and your overall health profile.

TakeawayAyurvedic medicine is one of the oldest medical systems in the world. At this time, there’s limited research looking at the effectiveness of Ayurvedic medicine for thyroid disorders. Ayurveda encourages you to eat a diet high in whole, unprocessed foods, which may help improve your overall health. There’s also some evidence that the Ayurvedic herb Ashwagandha may have benefits for hypothyroidism, although more research is needed.Ayurvedic medicine can be a nice addition to standard Western medicine practices, with beneficial diet, exercise, and other lifestyle changes. Some supplements can interact with other medications you’re taking, so it’s a good idea to talk to your doctor before adding a new Ayurvedic herb to your diet.

Causes of primary hypothyroidismIn Western countries, the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is autoimmune thyroiditis. However, in many parts of the world, iodine deficiency remains an important cause. Other common causes of hypothyroidism include thyroidectomy, radioiodine therapy, and drugs such as amiodarone, lithium, thionamide, iodine, interferon, sunitinib, rifampicin, and thalidomide. Transient hypothyroidism may occur in subacute (de Quervain’s) thyroiditis and also in postpartum thyroiditis. In both of these conditions 75%–85% of patients regain normal thyroid function.12 Congenital hypothyroidism, due to thyroid gland agenesis or dyshormonogenesis, affects about one in 4000 newborns and is the commonest congenital endocrinopathy.13

ElderlyThe levothyroxine dose requirement gradually decreases with age,82,83 thought to be due to age-related decreases in thyroxine degradation84 and in lean body mass.85 Furthermore, levothyroxine replacement may precipitate severe angina or myocardial infarction in an elderly person with asymptomatic ischemic heart disease. Therefore, in people over the age of 65 years, levothyroxine should be started at a small dose (25–50 μg/daily) and dose titration should be carried out slowly.There is a high prevalence of suboptimal thyroid hormone replacement in the elderly. In a cross-sectional study involving elderly people aged 65 years or over on levothyroxine, 41% and 16% had suppressed and raised TSH suggestive of over-replacement and under-replacement, respectively.8 The risk of under-replacement of levothyroxine is less certain in this population, with studies showing an association between raised TSH and a lower mortality rate in the very elderly population.26,86,87 In contrast, the potential hazards of over-replacement of levothyroxine in the elderly population have been highlighted by the associations between suppressed TSH with reduced bone mineral density88,89 as well as increased risk of fractures.90 In a recent large cohort study of elderly people above the age of 70 years, levothyroxine treatment has been found to be associated with an increased risk of fractures.91 Although thyroid function tests were not analyzed in this study, there was a correlation between the risk of fractures and the dose of levothyroxine, suggesting that the increased fracture risk may be related to over-replacement of levothyroxine. Several epidemiological studies have also shown an association between low or suppressed TSH and atrial fibrillation.92–95 However, all of these studies, except the Framingham study,92 have excluded patients on levothyroxine and, therefore, it remains unclear whether suppressed TSH due to exogenous levothyroxine is as deleterious to the heart as endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. Nevertheless, taken together, these observations underline the importance of careful monitoring and optimizing thyroid hormone replacement in the elderly with hypothyroidism.

If you have subclinical hypothyroidism, discuss treatment with your doctor. For a relatively mild increase in TSH, you probably won't benefit from thyroid hormone therapy, and treatment could even be harmful. On the other hand, for a higher TSH level, thyroid hormones may improve your cholesterol level, the pumping ability of your heart and your energy level.

Standard treatment for hypothyroidism involves daily use of the synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine (Levo-T, Synthroid, others). This oral medication restores adequate hormone levels, reversing the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Although most doctors recommend synthetic thyroxine, natural extracts containing thyroid hormone derived from the thyroid glands of pigs are available. These products contain both thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Synthetic thyroid medications contain thyroxine only, and the triiodothyronine your body needs is derived from the thyroxine.

When this occurs, a new cycle of testing will begin again to learn as much as possible about the recurrence. After this testing is done, you and your doctor will talk about the treatment options.

Future possibilitiesAfter more than 120 years since Murray first successfully treated hypothyroidism with sheep thyroid extract29 and numerous subsequent advances in the field, there remain many uncertainties surrounding the management of this common disease. What is the target thyroid function for hypothyroid patients on levothyroxine replacement? What are the long-term outcomes of different target TSH levels on levothyroxine replacement? Should different age groups have different target TSH levels? Should individuals be assessed to determine their personal TSH reference range for future diagnosis and treatment of thyroid dysfunction? Does FT3/FT4 ratio provide additional information about tissue euthyroidism in patients on levothyroxine replacement? Furthermore, although there is increasing evidence from observational studies for an association between subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality, randomized controlled trial evidence showing that levothyroxine treatment reduces the risk is still lacking. Interestingly, subclinical hypothyroidism can be viewed as an incipient autoimmune disease that develops into overt hypothyroidism over many years. Identification of biomarkers that are better than current thyroid antibody assays at predicting eventual hypothyroidism could lead to targeted intervention to prevent hypothyroidism. Oral selenium supplementation appears to have efficacy in modifying the natural history of Graves’ orbitopathy,100 and may prove to have immunomodulatory actions in other forms of autoimmune thyroid disease. In pregnancy, results of ongoing and future clinical trials are awaited to inform whether all pregnant women should be screened and treated for subclinical hypothyroidism.It remains uncertain as to why a minority of hypothyroid patients on levothyroxine continue to have residual symptoms despite apparently adequate replacement, and it is hoped that future studies will clarify this enigma. Moreover, despite several randomized controlled trials showing a lack of benefit of combining triiodothyronine with levothyroxine in such patients,51 it is possible that triiodothyronine formulated to mimic the normal physiological profile may have a better outcome. Indeed, a proof of concept study has demonstrated the biochemical efficacy of a combination of long-acting triiodothyronine and levothyroxine on the T4/T3 ratio and TSH over levothyroxine monotherapy.101 Further studies are required to see whether this biochemical advantage translates into clinical benefit. Finally, recent genetic studies have shown associations between common genetic variations and thyroid hormone levels,23–26,55,102 wellbeing in levothyroxine- treated patients,55 and response to triiodothyronine-levothyroxine combination treatment,55 opening the door to the possibility of pharmacogenomics. Future genetic studies may help in identifying the subgroup of patients who would benefit from combination therapy.

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ANTIFUNGAL TREATMENT IN ALLOPATHIC

ANTIFUNGAL TREATMENT IN ALLOPATHIC

Tea tree oil is included in a number of shampoos, but there is no strong evidence to support its use for dandruff control. It comes from the leaves of the Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and has been used for centuries as an antiseptic, antibiotic and antifungal agent. The oil may cause allergic reactions in some people.



For non-prescription creams, lotions, or powders, follow the directions on the package label. 

Contact your healthcare provider if your infection doesn’t go away or gets worse.



In the broth microdilution tests, the growth percentage of each extract was calculated as an increase in optical density/turbidity relative to that of the negative control of each extract concentration.

 The optical density of the positive control of each isolate present, along with the culture medium and inoculum alone, was considered the maximum value. This was used to calculate the growth of each isolate in the test wells. 

In summary, percentage inhibition was calculated using the following formula:

Flucytosine is an antimetabolite compound absorbed into fungal cells via cytosine permease. Within the fungal cell, flucytosine gets converted to 5-fluorouracil, which interferes with fungal RNA biosynthesis.



Posaconazole has approval for prophylaxis of both invasive aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis.

 Additionally, posaconazole is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis, typically for patient populations refractory to treatment with fluconazole and itraconazole.

Other dental medications Fluorides Fluoride which is available in most over-the-counter toothpaste is used to prevent tooth decay. Prescription-strength fluoride (Acidul) is also available if prescribed by a physician. Antiseptics Antiseptics are available as over-the-counter mouth rinses that are used to reduce plaque and gingivitis and kill germs that cause bad breath.

 Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) are used for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety. It works by relaxing the patient during dental procedures such as temporomandibular joint disorders. Saliva substitutes Saliva substitutes such as Moi-Stir, Mouth Kote, Optimoist, Saliva Substitute, Salix, and Xero-Lube are used for treating dry mouth, an occasional complication of autoimmune diseases or occasionally unassociated with other diseases. They usually come as sprays and are used as needed.

Considering the cut-off values adopted herein, 46.15, 38.46, 30.77, and 53.85% of the isolates were classified as being resistant to fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B, respectively (Table 1). We observed that 4 of the 13 isolates (30.77%) developed resistance to multiple azoles used herein.

 Two of these were isolated from the skin of dogs with clinical symptoms, and two from the ears. Two of these isolates were also resistant to amphotericin B (7.89%). Growth was inhibited by each concentration of the four antifungals, tested using the broth microdilution technique (Supplementary Materials 3–6). 

Amphotericin B was the antifungal that exhibited the greatest uniformity in inhibition among the isolates.

Although fungal nails are usually cosmetic concerns, some patients do experience pain and discomfort.

 These symptoms may be exacerbated by footwear, activity, and improper trimming of the nails.

Posaconazole has therapeutic drug concentrations of greater than 0.7 mcg/mL in prophylaxis and greater than 1.0 mcg/mL in salvage therapy. Trough serum concentration should get measured on day seven and before doses or following dose adjustments. Creatinine, electrolytes (including magnesium and calcium), and LFTs should be checked at baseline, then frequently during treatment.

In topical forms, clotrimazole is approved to treat tinea corporis, tinea pedis, tinea versicolor, cutaneous candidiasis, and vaginal yeast infections.

 The indication for the use of oral clotrimazole is the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis.

As this yeast is considered an important etiological agent of dermatomycoses in veterinary clinics, this adds to the disadvantages associated with allopathic antifungal therapy. Owing to increasing azole resistance, few studies have explored the therapeutic potential of Brazilian propolis extracts against this lipophilic yeast (45, 46). The current study therefore aimed to verify the susceptibility of clinical isolates of M. pachydermatis to allopathic antifungals and ethanolic and supercritical Brazilian propolis extracts.

Ketoconazole, when applied topically, has been approved for treating tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea versicolor, cutaneous candidiasis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

 Off-label, topical ketoconazole is used to treat several oral candidal pathologies, including chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and oral thrush. Ketoconazole is also a systemic agent, which has approval for treating blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, chromomycosis, histoplasmosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. Off-label oral ketoconazole treatment is used to treat Cushing syndrome and prostate cancer.

Psoriasis is a long-term skin condition that may cause large plaques of red, raised skin, flakes of dry skin, and skin scales. There are several types of psoriasis, including psoriasis vulgaris, guttate psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, and pustular psoriasis. Symptoms vary depending on the type of psoriasis the patient has. Treatment of psoriasis may include creams, lotions, oral medications, injections and infusions of biologics, and light therapy. There is no cure for psoriasis.

Terbinafine, an allylamine, most commonly results in central nervous system side effects, with a headache being the most frequently reported symptom.

 Other manifestations of adverse events include but are not limited to rashes, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and upper respiratory inflammation or infection.

Combination therapy comprises treatment regimens that include multiple antifungals from different classes and antifungal agents combined with non-antifungal agents. Non-antifungal drug targets include heat shock proteins, calcineurin, lysine acetyltransferase, lysine deacetylase, protein kinase C, and fungal sphingolipids.  

Topical anesthetics come in ointments, sprays, or liquids. Topical anesthetics are used to prevent pain on the surface level of the lining of the mouth.

 They also can be used to reduce pain from superficial sores in the mouth or to numb an area before an injectable local anesthetic is given.

Itraconazole is an oral drug. It is approved to treat aspergillosis (pulmonary and extrapulmonary), blastomycosis (pulmonary and extrapulmonary), and histoplasmosis (systemic/disseminated not involving the CNS, cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis) in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. In immune-competent patients, this drug is also approved to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis, esophageal candidiasis, and onychomycosis (toenail or fingernail).

There are several types of antifungal medicines. They come as creams, sprays, solutions, tablets designed to go into the vagina (pessaries), shampoos, medicines to take by mouth, and injections. Most work by damaging the cell wall of the fungus, which causes the fungal cell to die.

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Saliva substitutes such as Moi-Stir, Mouth Kote, Optimoist, Saliva Substitute, Salix, and Xero-Lube are used for treating dry mouth, an occasional complication of autoimmune diseases or occasionally unassociated with other diseases. They usually come as sprays and are used as needed.

Note: Chlorhexidine may cause staining of the tooth, tooth filling, and dentures, or other mouth appliances. Tetracycline use during tooth development phases (from the last half of pregnancy through eight years of age) may cause permanent discoloration (yellow, gray, brown) of teeth.

Newer treatments including terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole are at least similar to griseofulvin in children with tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species. Limited evidence suggests that terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole have similar effects, whereas ketoconazole may be less effective than griseofulvin in children infected with Trichophyton. With some interventions the proportion achieving complete clinical cure was in excess of 90% (e.g. one study of terbinafine or griseofulvin for Trichophyton infections), but in many of the comparisons tested, the proportion cured was much lower. New evidence from this update suggests that terbinafine is more effective than griseofulvin in children with T. tonsurans infection. However, in children with Microsporum infections, new evidence suggests that the effect of griseofulvin is better than terbinafine. We did not find any evidence to support a difference in terms of adherence between four weeks of terbinafine versus eight weeks of griseofulvin. Not all treatments for tinea capitis are available in paediatric formulations but all have reasonable safety profiles.

Recurrence of PV following cessation of symptoms is typical within 6 months to 2 years after extensive treatment. As such, antifungal prophylaxis is of interest to prevent recurrence. Following an open trial of 200 mg itraconazole for 7 days with a 4 week follow-up, the 205 patients exhibiting mycological (negative microscopy) cure (205/223 = 92%) were entered into a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial . 

Itraconazole was administered once per month for 6 months as relapse prophylaxis (200 mg twice a day). At the end of 6 months, 88% of patients receiving prophylactic itraconazole were still mycologically cured, while only 57% of patients receiving placebo as prophylaxis were mycologically cured (p < 0.001).

 Additionally, clinical symptoms (erythema, desquamation, itching, and hypopigmentation) were significantly fewer in prophylactic itraconazole patients (p < 0.001) .

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PREDNISOLONE TABLET USE

PREDNISOLONE TABLET USE

People taking prednisone can also experience higher blood sugar, which is a special concern for those with diabetes. Because prednisone suppresses the body’s immune system, it can also increase the risk of infection. Therefore, some precautions need to be taken.



This drug may make you dizzy. Alcohol or marijuana (cannabis) can make you more dizzy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs alertness until you can do it safely.

 Limit alcoholic beverages. Talk to your doctor if you are using marijuana (cannabis).



This medication may cause bone problems (osteoporosis). Lifestyle changes that may help reduce the risk of bone problems while taking this drug for an extended time include doing weight-bearing exercise, getting enough calcium and vitamin D, stopping smoking, and limiting alcohol. 

Discuss with your doctor lifestyle changes that might benefit you.



What other information should I know? Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor will order certain lab tests to check your body's response to prednisone.

If you are having any skin tests such as allergy tests or tuberculosis tests, tell the doctor or technician that you are taking prednisone.Do not let anyone else take your medication. 

Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription.It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements.

 You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

Rifampicin induces the microsomal oxidation of glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone). This leads to an increased steroid need during rifampicin treatment and reduced steroid need after such treatment.

Precautions Before taking prednisolone, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to prednisone; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. 

Talk to your pharmacist for more details.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: eye disease (such as cataracts, glaucoma), heart problems (such as heart failure, recent heart attack), high blood pressure, liver disease, kidney disease, thyroid problems, diabetes, stomach/intestinal problems (such as diverticulitis, ulcer), brittle bones (osteoporosis), current/past infections (such as tuberculosis, positive tuberculosis test, herpes, fungal), bleeding problems, blood clots, mental/mood conditions (such as psychosis, anxiety, depression), low salts in the blood (such as low potassium or calcium), seizures.This drug may make you dizzy. Alcohol or marijuana (cannabis) can make you more dizzy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs alertness until you can do it safely. Limit alcoholic beverages. Talk to your doctor if you are using marijuana (cannabis).This medicine may cause stomach bleeding. Daily use of alcohol while using this medicine may increase your risk for stomach bleeding. Limit alcoholic beverages. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).Using corticosteroid medications for a long time can make it more difficult for your body to respond to physical stress. Before having surgery or emergency treatment, or if you get a serious illness/injury, tell your doctor or dentist that you are using this medication or have used this medication within the past 12 months. Tell your doctor right away if you develop unusual/extreme tiredness or weight loss. If you will be using this medication for a long time, carry a warning card or medical ID bracelet that identifies your use of this medication.This medication may mask signs of infection. It can make you more likely to get infections or may worsen any current infections. Avoid contact with people who have infections that may spread to others (such as chickenpox, measles, flu). Consult your doctor if you have been exposed to an infection or for more details.Tell your health care professional that you are using prednisolone before having any immunizations/vaccinations. Avoid contact with people who have recently received live vaccines (such as flu vaccine inhaled through the nose).This medication may slow down a child's growth if used for a long time. Consult the doctor or pharmacist for more details. See the doctor regularly so your child's height and growth can be checked.

Older adults may be more sensitive to the effects of this drug, especially bone loss/pain, stomach/intestinal bleeding, and mental/mood changes (such as confusion).During pregnancy, prednisolone should be used only when clearly needed. It may rarely harm an unborn baby. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. Infants born to mothers who have been using this medication for an extended period of time may have hormone problems. Tell your doctor right away if you notice symptoms such as nausea/vomiting that doesn't stop, severe diarrhea, or weakness in your newborn.This medication passes into breast milk. However, this drug is unlikely to harm a nursing infant. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Prednisolone is a synthetic pregnane corticosteroid closely related to its cognate prednisone, having identical structure save for two fewer hydrogens near C11. It is also known as δ1-cortisol, δ1-hydrocortisone, 1,2-dehydrocortisol, or 1,2-dehydrohydrocortisone, as well as 11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione.[35][36]

Uses Prednisolone is a man-made form of a natural substance (corticosteroid hormone) made by the adrenal gland. It is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood problems, immune system disorders, skin and eye conditions, breathing problems, cancer, and severe allergies. It decreases your immune system's response to various diseases to reduce symptoms such as pain, swelling and allergic-type reactions.

 How to use Prednisolone Tablet Take this medication by mouth, with food or milk to prevent stomach upset, exactly as directed by your doctor. Take this medication with a full glass of water (8 ounces/240 milliliters) unless your doctor directs you otherwise.Follow the dosing schedule carefully. The dosage and length of treatment are based on your medical condition and response to treatment. 

Your doctor may direct you to take prednisolone 1 to 4 times a day or take a single dose every other day. It may help to mark your calendar with reminders or use a pill box. If you are using the prednisolone dose pack, follow the dosing schedule on the package, unless directed otherwise by your doctor.Do not stop taking this medication without consulting your doctor. Some conditions may become worse when this drug is suddenly stopped. Your dose may need to be gradually decreased.If you suddenly stop using this medication, you may have withdrawal symptoms (such as weakness, weight loss, nausea, muscle pain, headache, tiredness, dizziness).

 To help prevent withdrawal, your doctor may lower your dose slowly. Withdrawal is more likely if you have used prednisolone for a long time or in high doses. Tell your doctor or pharmacist right away if you have withdrawal. See also Precautions section.Tell your doctor if your condition lasts or gets worse.

What is prednisone?Prednisone is a prescription steroid drug. It comes as an immediate-release tablet, a delayed-release tablet, and a liquid solution. You take all of these forms by mouth.Prednisone delayed-release tablet is available as a generic drug and as the brand-name drug Rayos. The immediate-release tablet is only available as a generic drug.Generic drugs usually cost less than the brand-name version. In some cases, they may not be available in all strengths or forms as the brand-name drug.Why it’s usedPrednisone reduces inflammation in your body. It’s approved to treat:allergiesanemiaasthmabursitiscolitisdermatitisendocrine disorders such as adrenal insufficiency or congenital adrenal hyperplasiaeye inflammationeye ulcerlung diseases such as sarcoidosis or aspiration pneumonialupus and nephrotic syndromemultiple sclerosis exacerbationsoptic neuritisosteoarthritispsoriasisrheumatoid arthritisthrombocytopenia (low platelet count)symptoms of lymphoma or leukemiaHow it worksPrednisone works by weakening your immune system. This action blocks chemicals that normally cause inflammation as part of your body’s immune response, and can help decrease inflammation in many parts of your body.

Jika akan menggunakan prednisolone untuk hemoroid, sebaiknya lakukan setelah buang air besar. Oleskan obat pada hemoroid menggunakan tangan, kasa, atau aplikator yang tersedia pada kemasan obat.

Missed Dose If you are taking this medication once daily and miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember.

 If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. If you are taking this medication every other day, ask your doctor or pharmacist what you should do if you miss a dose.

Prednisolone is a man-made form of a natural substance (corticosteroid hormone) made by the adrenal gland.

 It is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood problems, immune system disorders, skin and eye conditions, breathing problems, cancer, and severe allergies. It decreases your immune system's response to various diseases to reduce symptoms such as pain, swelling and allergic-type reactions.

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BETNISOLE OF USE

Betnisol TABLET USE

A steroid drug is the tablet form of betnesol. It is used to reduce associated symptoms in people with allergies, immune-related illnesses, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, skin, and other allergic conditions.



What to do about:irritation, burning, stinging and itching in your eye – if you get these symptoms after putting in the eye drops, they should go after a few minutes as your eye gets used to the medicine. If they last longer and do not improve, stop using the eye drops or ointment and tell your doctor.blurred or cloudy vision – you may get some blurred or cloudy vision straight after putting the drops or ointment in your eye. If your sight does not go back to normal after a few minutes, or you think your sight is slowly getting worse, stop using the eye drops or ointment and tell your doctor.sneezing, blocked, irritated or dry nose, or nosebleeds – these will usually settle down as you get used to the medicine. Stop using your nose drops for a few days, then start again. Speak to your doctor if these side effects do not go away.

headaches and dizziness – try to rest and drink plenty of fluids. Do not drink too much alcohol. Talk to your doctor if the headache does not go away or is severe.changes in your sense of smell and taste a few minutes after your dose – rinse your mouth with water or have a drink of water.



Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet is primarily prescribed to treat various rheumatic disorders such as systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also used against various skin diseases including psoriasis and dermatitis, allergic conditions such as angioedema and asthma, certain blood disorders, certain eye and skin conditions.

 Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet belonging to the glucocorticoid class of medication, acts as a steroid. Multiple sclerosis, crohn's disease and leukaemia can also be treated with Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet. Being a corticosteroid, it works by decreasing inflammation and modifying the body's immune response to various conditions. You are advised to not take this medication if you have allergy, systemic fungal infection or an active untreated infection. Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet can interact with a few other medicines so inform your doctor if you take amlodipine, mifepristone, warfarin, ethinyl, estradiol, insulin, ciprofloxacin, BCG vaccine. Also inform your doctor if you suffer from tuberculosis, electrolytic imbalance, gastrointestinal perforations, infections, myocardial infarction, ocular herpes infection, scleroderma or threadworm infection. This medicine is not recommended to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding unless absolutely required, in which case breastfeeding should be discontinued. 

Serious side effects may include an increased risk of infection, severe allergic reactions, muscle weakness, and psychosis. Using Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet for a long time can cause adrenal insufficiency. Discontinuing the medication suddenly after a long-term use may be dangerous.

 Take Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet as instructed by the doctor. Your dosage duration, timings, forms and other attributes can vary depending on the medical condition and hence following instructions are necessary to ensure this medicine is safe and effective to use. Take oral medication with or after meals. Limit intake of caffeine or stimulants. Prescriber may recommend increased dietary vitamins, minerals, or iron. Diabetics should monitor glucose levels closely (antidiabetic medication may need to be adjusted). Inform prescriber if you are experiencing greater than normal levels of stress (medication may need adjustment). Some forms of this medication may cause GI upset (oral medication may be taken with meals to reduce GI upset; small frequent meals and frequent mouth care may reduce GI upset). You may be more susceptible to infection (avoid crowds and persons with contagious or infective conditions).



Getting ready to use your medicineCheck that the seal on the bottle is not broken before using Betnesol-N Drops for the first time. Wash and dry your hands. Do not breathe on or touch the dropper nozzle and do not touch the eyes, ear or nose with the dropper nozzle.If there is no improvement in your symptoms after 7 days, stop using the drops and see your doctor again.

About Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet is primarily prescribed to treat various rheumatic disorders such as systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also used against various skin diseases including psoriasis and dermatitis, allergic conditions such as angioedema and asthma, certain blood disorders, certain eye and skin conditions. Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet belonging to the glucocorticoid class of medication, acts as a steroid. Multiple sclerosis, crohn's disease and leukaemia can also be treated with Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet. Being a corticosteroid, it works by decreasing inflammation and modifying the body's immune response to various conditions. You are advised to not take this medication if you have allergy, systemic fungal infection or an active untreated infection. Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet can interact with a few other medicines so inform your doctor if you take amlodipine, mifepristone, warfarin, ethinyl, estradiol, insulin, ciprofloxacin, BCG vaccine. Also inform your doctor if you suffer from tuberculosis, electrolytic imbalance, gastrointestinal perforations, infections, myocardial infarction, ocular herpes infection, scleroderma or threadworm infection. This medicine is not recommended to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding unless absolutely required, in which case breastfeeding should be discontinued. Serious side effects may include an increased risk of infection, severe allergic reactions, muscle weakness, and psychosis. Using Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet for a long time can cause adrenal insufficiency. Discontinuing the medication suddenly after a long-term use may be dangerous. Take Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet as instructed by the doctor. Your dosage duration, timings, forms and other attributes can vary depending on the medical condition and hence following instructions are necessary to ensure this medicine is safe and effective to use. Take oral medication with or after meals. Limit intake of caffeine or stimulants. Prescriber may recommend increased dietary vitamins, minerals, or iron. Diabetics should monitor glucose levels closely (antidiabetic medication may need to be adjusted). Inform prescriber if you are experiencing greater than normal levels of stress (medication may need adjustment). 

Some forms of this medication may cause GI upset (oral medication may be taken with meals to reduce GI upset; small frequent meals and frequent mouth care may reduce GI upset). You may be more susceptible to infection (avoid crowds and persons with contagious or infective conditions).

Below is the list of medicines, which have the same composition, strength and form as Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet , and hence can be used as its substitute.

Using your medicineEyesThe usual dose is 1 or 2 drops put into the eye up to 6 times each dayOnce the redness, itching and soreness starts to feel better, apply the drops less often.1. Tilt the head back 2. Gently pull lower eyelid downwards and outwards 3. Place drops in the gap between the lid and eye (squeeze bottle very gently if necessary) 4. Blink a few times to spread out the drops 5. Repeat for the other eye if needed.Medical checkupsIf you are using this medicine for your eyes and you use it for a number of weeks, your doctor may ask you to have check-ups. These are to make sure that your medicine is working properly and that the dose you are taking is right for you. Your doctor will check your eyes for:1. An increase in pressure 2. Cataracts 3. Infection.EarsThe usual dose is 2 or 3 drops put into the ear three or four times each dayOnce the redness, itching and soreness starts to feel better, apply the drops less often.1. 

Tilt the head to one side 2. Place drops in the ear canal (squeeze bottle gently if necessary) 3. Keep head tilted for a minute or two to let the drops soak in 4. Repeat for other ear if needed.NoseThe usual dose is 2 or 3 drops put into each nostril two or three times each day.1. Tilt head backwards 2. Place drops in nostril (squeeze bottle gently if necessary) 3. Keep head tilted and sniff gently to let the drops soak in 4.

 Repeat for other nostril if needed.Medical checkupsYour doctor will regularly check the growth of children who are taking Betnesol-N by nose over a long period of time.

Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects although not everybody gets them. Serious Common Uncommon Rare Very Rare suicidal thoughts feeling high (mania) or moods that go up and down feeling anxious, having problems sleeping, difficulty in thinking or being confused and losing your memory feeling, seeing or hearing things which do not exist. 

having strange and frightening thoughts

Your doctor will advise the appropriate dose that suits your infection. Betnesol N Eye/Ear Drops 5 ml is for external use only. Common side effects of Betnesol N Eye/Ear Drops 5 ml include irritation, itching, redness, burning or a stinging sensation at the application site. Most of these side effects do not require medical attention and gradually resolve over time. However, if the side effects persist or worsen, consult a doctor.

Betnesol Tablet is a medication which have betamethasone.

 Commonly it is used to treat both internal and exterior inflammation (swelling and redness) brought on by ailments like severe skin allergies, arthritis, colitis, asthma, and more.

Table of Content About BetnesolPrice of Betnesol in PakistanUses of BetnesolSide Effects of BetnesolConcerns about BetnesolWhen not to use Betnesol?AllergyFungi InfectionGeneral Instructions for taking BetnesolOther DetailsDosageInteractionsWarningsSubstitutes of BetnesolMarham’s Online Services of Delivering MedicinesFAQ’sWhat is Betnesol pills used for?Is Betnesol harmful?Is Betnesol tablet is used for cough?Betnesol Tablet is a medication which have betamethasone. Commonly it is used to treat both internal and exterior inflammation (swelling and redness) brought on by ailments like severe skin allergies, arthritis, colitis, asthma, and more.And here we would see in detail about the Betnesol Tablet Uses, Side Effects and Price in Pakistan.

 So don’t go anywhere and read it calmly.About BetnesolA steroid drug is the tablet form of betnesol. It is used to reduce associated symptoms in people with allergies, immune-related illnesses, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, skin, and other allergic conditions.

Tablets containing betnesol are useful for reducing inflammation (redness, swelling, itching). This pill contains betamethasone as the active ingredient and is a steroid medication.By attaching to the steroid receptor, it suppresses inflammation. Additionally, it promotes the skin’s organic compounds, which lowers swelling and inflammation. 

Follow the doctor’s instructions for dosage exactly.Never skip a dosage or stop taking it without first talking to your doctor. The medication must be taken for the full course. Without first consulting the doctor, do not boost the dosage or stop abruptly because doing so could make the illness state worse.Not everyone experiences the negative effects of betnesol pills, which include nausea, indigestion, and heartburn. Usually, these adverse effects vanish over time. But you should see a doctor if you believe the negative effects are still there.

Price of Betnesol in PakistanA single Betnesol tablet 4mg costs only Rs. 80-100pkr, and Betnesol Drops 7.5ml costs Rs. 50-70pkr. It is offered at pharmacies and online.By clicking here, you may use the Marham app to purchase the Betnesol tablets online.Uses of BetnesolFollowing are the uses of Betnesol tablet;An infection and an allergyWith illnesses like asthma (breathing issues)Colitis (swelling and pain in the large intestine)Lessen or prevent swelling and irritation.Swelling in the jointsTreat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, gout, and other joint-related conditions.Side Effects of BetnesolBetnesol 0.5 MG Tablet side effects are, both serious and minor:Blurred visionIncreased appetiteIndigestionHeadacheNauseaAnxiety and nervousnessSkin discolorationIrregular menstrual periodsGrowth retardation in childrenHoarseness of voiceDizzinessBloatingShortness of breathWeight gainStomach upsetConcerns about BetnesolFollowing are some concerns of people about taking Betnesol Tablet which are going to discuss in below pointers;The amount of time required for Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet to start showing its effect is not known.The amount of time for which Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet remains active in your body is not known.Interaction with alcohol is unknown. It is advisable to consult your doctor before consumption.

No habit-forming tendencies were reported for Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet.Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet is not recommended for use in pregnancy as it may harm your foetus. Hence, consult your doctor before using this medicine.Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet is not recommended for use during breastfeeding as this medicine passes into breastmilk and may harm your infant. Hence, consult an internal medicine doctor before using this medicine.When not to use Betnesol?In following conditions you should not use Betnesol tablet;

AllergyIf you have an allergy to Betnesol, stay away from taking the 0.5 MG tablet.If you experience any symptoms, including skin rash, itching or swelling (particularly of the face, tongue, or throat), severe dizziness, difficulty breathing, etc.,You should seek emergency medical assistance in this case.Fungi InfectionAn infection that affects your internal organs is referred to as a systemic fungal infection.It is not advised to take Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablets if you have a fungal infection affecting one or more internal organs.Your immune system may be suppressed by this medication, worsening your disease.General Instructions for taking BetnesolSome general instructions taking into consideration while having Betnesol tablet as the treatment of your problem are;As directed by your doctor, take the Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet.Never take more or less medication than recommended.

If you have any negative side effects while taking this medication, talk to your doctor.Without first talking to your doctor, do not discontinue taking the drug.Keep the medication out of children’s and animals’ reach.Make it useless after the expiration date.Make sure the leftover medication is properly disposed of.Other DetailsSome other important details related to Betnesol tablet is given below;DosageThe dosage recommendations for Betnesol tablet isUntaken DoseAs soon as you recall, take the Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet that you skipped.Skip the missing dose if it is almost time for your next dose.Never take two doses at once to make up for missing ones.OverdoseIf you believe you may have taken an excessive amount of Betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet, call your doctor right away.Increased acne or facial hair, menstruation issues, skin bruises, and other side effects may result from using this medication in excess.InteractionsEach medicine has a unique interaction with each individual. Before beginning any medication, discuss with your doctor all potential interactions.

Interaction with AlcoholAlcohol and its interaction with Betnesol are unknown. It is advised to speak with your doctor before using.Interaction with MedicinesWarfarinEthinyl EstradiolAmlodipineInsulinDesmopressinCiprofloxacinDisease InteractionsInfectionsHypothyroidismHyperlipidemiaDiabetesWarningsFollowing are some warnings to know before the use of Betnesol Tablet;Withdrawal symptoms such as weakness, tiredness, weight loss, and decreased appetiteLiver diseaseVisual disturbanceKidney diseasesChicken poxMyasthenia gravisGrowth retardationSubstitutes of BetnesolFollowing is the list for the substitutes of BetnesolBetawok 0.5 MG Tablet; Wockhardt Ltd.Betnecip 0.5 MG Tablet; Cipla Ltd.Betnecort 0.5 MG Tablet; Cipla Ltd.Betni 0.5 MG Tablet; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.Marham’s Online Services of Delivering MedicinesAre you thinking to go to a pharmacy for taking your medicines. but of course sometimes you may be not in a mood of going outside. Now there is no need to be worried and sad. Marham is here; order Betnesol through Marham’s online services of delivering medicines to home right now.Also you may consult Online or book an appointment with the Best Internal Medicine Specialists in Pakistan regarding any question via the Marham app today!Can’t Find the App?AndroidIOSFAQ’sWhat is Betnesol pills used for?Many different inflammatory and allergic illnesses, including as arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and ailments affecting the skin, blood, eyes, lungs, stomach, and nervous system, are treated with betnesol tablets.Is Betnesol harmful?The adverse effects of betnesol 0.5 MG Tablet include headache, nausea, shortness of breath, weight gain, and stomach trouble. These negative effects go away on their own. If any of these symptoms annoy you or get worse, talk to your doctor.

 If you have an allergy to this medication, avoid using it.Is Betnesol tablet is used for cough?Betnesol tablet is a steroid, not a drug. Cold and sore throat relief is not possible with it. Since viruses typically cause colds, betnesol tablets have little effect on viruses.

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ALBENDAZOLE TABLET USE

ALBENDAZOLE TABLET USE

WARNINGS Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section PRECAUTIONS Bone Marrow Suppression Fatalities associated with the use of ALBENZA have been reported due to granulocytopenia or pancytopenia. ALBENZA may cause bone marrow suppression, aplastic anemia, and agranulocytosis. 

Monitor blood counts at the beginning of each 28-day cycle of therapy, and every 2 weeks while on therapy with ALBENZA in all patients. 

Patients with liver disease and patients with hepatic echinococcosis are at increased risk for bone marrow suppression and warrant more frequent monitoring of blood counts. Discontinue ALBENZA if clinically significant decreases in blood cell counts occur. Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Based on findings from animal reproduction studies, ALBENZA may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Embryotoxicity and skeletal malformations were reported in rats and rabbits when treated during the period of organogenesis (at oral doses approximately 0.1 to 0.6 times the recommended human dose normalized for total body surface area). Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. Pregnancy testing is recommended for females of reproductive potential prior to initiating ALBENZA .

 Advise females of reproductive potential to use an effective method of contraception during treatment with ALBENZA and for 3 days after the final dose . Risk Of Neurologic Symptoms In Neurocysticercosis Patients being treated for neurocysticercosis should receive steroid and anticonvulsant therapy to prevent neurological symptoms (e.g. seizures, increased intracranial pressure and focal signs) as a result of an inflammatory reaction caused by death of the parasite within the brain. Risk Of Retinal Damage In Patients With Retinal Neurocysticercosis Cysticercosis may involve the retina. Before initiating therapy for neurocysticercosis, examine the patient for the presence of retinal lesions. If such lesions are visualized, weigh the need for anticysticeral therapy against the possibility of retinal damage resulting from inflammatory damage caused by ALBENZA-induced death of the parasite. Hepatic Effects In clinical trials, treatment with ALBENZA has been associated with mild to moderate elevations of hepatic enzymes in approximately 16% of patients. These elevations have generally returned to normal upon discontinuation of therapy. There have also been case reports of acute liver failure of uncertain causality and hepatitis . Monitor liver enzymes (transaminases) before the start of each treatment cycle and at least every 2 weeks during treatment.

 If hepatic enzymes exceed twice the upper limit of normal, consideration should be given to discontinuing ALBENZA therapy based on individual patient circumstances. Restarting ALBENZA treatment in patients whose hepatic enzymes have normalized off treatment is an individual decision that should take into account the risk/benefit of further ALBENZA usage. Perform laboratory tests frequently if ALBENZA treatment is restarted. Patients with elevated liver enzyme test results are at increased risk for hepatotoxicity and bone marrow suppression . Discontinue therapy if liver enzymes are significantly increased or if clinically significant decreases in blood cell counts occur. Unmasking Of Neurocysticercosis In Hydatid Patients Undiagnosed neurocysticercosis may be uncovered in patients treated with ALBENZA for other conditions. 

Patients with epidemiologic factors who are at risk for neurocysticercosis should be evaluated prior to initiation of therapy. Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility Long-term carcinogenicity studies were conducted in mice and rats. No evidence of increased incidence of tumors was found in the mice or rats at up to 400 mg/kg/day or 20 mg/kg/day respectively (2 times and 0.2 times the recommended human dose on a body surface area basis).

 In genotoxicity tests, albendazole was found negative in an Ames Salmonella/Microsome Plate mutation assay, Chinese Hamster Ovary chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mouse micronucleus test. In the in vitro BALB/3T3 cells transformation assay, albendazole produced weak activity in the presence of metabolic activation while no activity was found in the absence of metabolic activation. Albendazole did not adversely affect male or female fertility in the rat at an oral dose of 30 mg/kg/day (0.32 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area in mg/m2). Use In Specific Populations Pregnancy Risk Summary Based on findings from animal reproduction studies, ALBENZA may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. However, available human data from a small number of published case series and reports on the use of multiple-dose albendazole in the 1st trimester of pregnancy, and several published studies on single-dose albendazole use later in pregnancy, have not identified any drug-associated risks for major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. In animal reproductive studies, oral administration of albendazole during the period of organogenesis caused embryotoxicity and skeletal malformations in pregnant rats (at doses of 0.10 times and 0.32 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area in mg/m2) and pregnant rabbits (at doses of 0.60 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area in mg/m2). Albendazole was also associated with maternal toxicity in rabbits (at doses of 0.60 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area in mg/m2) (see Data). Advise a pregnant woman of the potential risk to the fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Data Animal Data Albendazole has been shown to be teratogenic (to cause embryotoxicity and skeletal malformations) in pregnant rats and rabbits. The teratogenic response in the rat was shown at oral doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg/day (0.10 times and 0.32 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area in mg/m2, respectively) during organogenesis (gestation days 6 to 15) and in pregnant rabbits at oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day (0.60 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area in mg/m2) administered during organogenesis (gestation days 7 to 19). In the rabbit study, maternal toxicity (33% mortality) was noted at 30 mg/kg/day. In mice, no teratogenic effects were observed at oral doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (0.16 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area in mg/m2), administered during gestation days 6 to 15. 

Lactation Risk Summary Concentrations of albendazole and the active metabolite, albendazole sulfoxide, have been reported to be low in human breast milk. There are no reports of adverse effects on the breastfed infant and no information on the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for ALBENZA and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from ALBENZA or from the underlying maternal condition. Females And Males Of Reproductive Potential Pregnancy Testing Pregnancy testing is recommended for females of reproductive potential prior to initiating ALBENZA. Contraception Females ALBENZA may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman . Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with ALBENZA and for 3 days after the final dose. Pediatric Use Hydatid disease is uncommon in infants and young children. In neurocysticercosis, the efficacy of ALBENZA in children appears to be similar to that in adults. Geriatric Use In patients aged 65 and older with either hydatid disease or neurocysticercosis, there was insufficient data to determine whether the safety and effectiveness of ALBENZA is different from that of younger patients. Patients With Impaired Renal Function The pharmacokinetics of ALBENZA in patients with impaired renal function has not been studied. Patients With Extra-Hepatic Obstruction In patients with evidence of extrahepatic obstruction (n = 5), the systemic availability of albendazole sulfoxide was increased, as indicated by a 2-fold increase in maximum serum concentration and a 7-fold increase in area under the curve. The rate of absorption/conversion and elimination of albendazole sulfoxide appeared to be prolonged with mean Tmax and serum elimination half-life values of 10 hours and 31.7 hours, respectively. 

Plasma concentrations of parent ALBENZA were measurable in only 1 of 5 patients.



Albendazole sulfoxide is 70% bound to plasma protein and is widely distributed throughout the body; it has been detected in urine, bile, liver, cyst wall, cyst fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Concentrations in plasma were 3-fold to 10-fold and 2-fold to 4-fold higher than those simultaneously determined in cyst fluid and CSF, respectively.



Albendazole binds to the colchicine‑sensitive site of β‑tubulin inhibiting their polymerization into microtubules. The decrease in microtubules in the intestinal cells of the parasites decreases their absorptive function, especially the uptake of glucose by the adult and larval forms of the parasites, and also depletes glycogen storage. Insufficient glucose results in insufficient energy for the production of adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) and the parasite eventually dies.



MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. 

Do not double the dose to catch up.

If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Notes Do not share this medication with others.This medication has been prescribed for your current condition only.

 Do not use it later for another infection unless your doctor tells you to.Lab and/or medical tests (such as liver function tests, complete blood counts) should be done before you start taking this medication and while you are taking it. Keep all medical and lab appointments. Consult your doctor for more details. Missed Dose If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. 

If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. Do not double the dose to catch up. Storage Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

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ACECLOFENAC TABLET USE

ACECLOFENAC TABLET USE

You have been prescribed Aceclofenac to relieve pain and inflammation. 

Take it with food or milk to prevent upset stomach. Take it as per the dose and duration prescribed by your doctor. Long term use may lead to serious complications such as stomach bleeding and kidney problems. It may cause dizziness, drowsiness or visual disturbances. 

Use caution while driving or doing anything that requires concentration. Avoid consuming alcohol while taking Aceclofenac as it can cause excessive drowsiness and increase your risk of stomach problems. 

Inform your doctor if you have a history of heart disease or stroke. Your doctor may regularly monitor your kidney function, liver function and levels of blood components, if you are taking this medicine for long-term treatment.



Appropriate monitoring and advice are required for patients with a history of hypertension and/or mild to moderate congestive heart failure as fluid retention and oedema have been reported in association with NSAID therapy. 

Patients with congestive heart failure ( NYHA-I) and patients with significant risk factors for cardiovascular events (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking) should only be treated with aceclofenac after careful consideration. As the cardiovascular risks of aceclofenac may increase with dose and duration of exposure, the shortest duration possible and the lowest effective daily dose should be used. The patient's need for symptomatic relief and response to therapy should be re- evaluated periodically.



Hypersensitivity to Aceclofenac or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1 Active, or history of recurrent peptic ulcer/haemorrhage (two or more distinct episodes of proven ulceration or bleeding). NSAIDS are contraindicated in patients who have previously shown hypersensitivity reactions (eg. Asthma, rhinitis, angioedema or urticaria) in response to ibuprofen, aspirin, or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Hepatic failure and renal failure (see section 4.4). Patients with established congestive heart failure (NYHA II-IV), ischaemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease and/or cerebrovascular disease. History of gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, related to previous NSAIDS therapy. Active bleedings or bleeding disorders. Aceclofenac should not be prescribed during pregnancy, especially during the last trimester of pregnancy, unless there are compelling reasons for doing so. The lowest effective dosage should be used (see section 4.6).



The in vitro API release data presented a substantial improvement in dissolution rate of batch ACN-1 in comparison to marketed tablets and unprocessed aceclofenac-based tablet formulation. The graph showed that in the first 30 min, more than 85% of ACN-1 were dissolved compared to 75.89% for ACN-2, 51.06% for unprocessed micronized drug formulation (i.e. ACM-3), 59.56% for the M. Tablets and 29.41% for raw drug. Boosted in vitro release rate of ACN-1 was observed while comparing to ACN-2, unprocessed drug containing formulation i.e. ACM-3, M. Tablets and raw drug, all these results are illustrated in Figure 7. The solubility of drug compound will be enhanced when the particle size of the drug is reduced to nanosized range as described by Xia et al.33 The release data showed the P<0.001 compared with raw drug. Figure 7 In vitro dissolution of formulations and M. Tablets. Values represent mean±SD, n=3. ***P<0.001 compared with raw drug.

NSAIDs are contraindicated in patients who have previously shown hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. asthma, rhinitis, angioedema or urticaria) in response to ibuprofen, aspirin, or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The majority of side effects observed have been reversible and of a minor nature and include gastrointestinal disorders (dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea), rash, ruber, urticaria, symptoms of enuresis, headache, dizziness, and drowsiness. To report suspected adverse reactions, call 1-800-FDA-1088.

The risk of GI bleeding, ulceration or perforation is higher with increasing NSAID doses, in patients with a history of ulcer, particularly if complicated with haemorrhage or perforation (see section 4.3), and in the elderly. These patients should commence treatment on the lowest dose available. Combination therapy with protective agents (e.g. misoprostol or proton pump inhibitors) should be considered for these patients, and also for patients requiring concomitant low dose aspirin, or other drugs likely to increase gastrointestinal risk (see below and section 4.5).

Interactions with other medicinesSome medicines can affect the way aceclofenac+thiocolchicoside works or this medicine itself can reduce the effectiveness of other medicines taken at the same time. Tell your doctor about all the medicines, supplements, or herbals you are currently taking or might take to avoid any possible interaction.Increased risk of stomach bleeding, if you take other pain killers, steroids, antidepressants along with this combination.Concomitant use of cyclosporine and tacrolimus (used in organ transplants) can lead to serious kidney damage.There is an increased risk of bleeding if aceclofenac+thiocolchicoside is taken along with other medicines like warfarin.You may experience fluctuations in blood sugar if you are taking anti-diabetic medicines like glimepiride or metformin.Do not take aceclofenac+thiocolchicoside if you have taken mifepristone lately (within 2 weeks).This combination can worsen the heart failure problem if taken with medicines for heart failure like digoxin.You may experience fits if you are taking antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin.

a) Symptoms Symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, gastrointestinal irritation, gastrointestinal bleeding, rarely diarrhoea, disorientation, excitation, coma, drowsiness, dizziness, tinnitus, hypotension, respiratory depression, fainting, occasionally convulsions. In cases of significant poisoning acute renal failure and liver damage are possible. b) Therapeutic measure : Patients should be treated symptomatically as required. Within one hour of ingestion of a potentially toxic amount, activated charcoal should be considered. Alternatively, in adults, gastric lavage should be considered within one hour of ingestion of a potentially life-threatening overdose. Specific therapies such as, dialysis or haemoperfusion are probable of no help in eliminating NSAIDs due to their high rate of protein binding and extensive metabolism. Good urine output should be ensured. Renal and liver function should be closely monitored. Patients should be observed for at least four hours after ingestion of potentially toxic amounts. In case of frequent or prolonged convulsions, patients should be treated with intravenous diazepam. Other measures may be indicated by the patient's clinical condition. Management of acute poisoning with oral aceclofenac essentially consists of supportive and symptomatic measuresfor complications such as hypotension, renal failure, convulsions, gastro-intestinal irritation, and respiratory depression.

Hifenac (aceclofenac) 100mg Tablet is a Tablet manufactured by Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd. It is commonly used for the diagnosis or treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, headache, mentrual pain.

 It has some side effects such as Peptic ulcer, Abdominal pain, Nausea, Liver injury. The salts Aceclofenac are involved in the preparation of Hifenac (aceclofenac) 100mg Tablet.

This article has been medically reviewed by Dr Nikita Toshi. Isn’t it a common practice to have something special for dinner or lunch when you have a reason to celebrate? Similarly, it is not unusual for many people to skip a meal or overeat when feeling low or angry. When we are feeling down or happy, Read More

Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Feature Papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer review prior to publication. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves several techniques or approaches

, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latest progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. This type of paper provides an outlook on future directions of research or possible applications.

To investigate the mechanism of drug release from the formulated tablets, the drug release data were fitted into zero-order, first-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer’s equation. The Korsmeyer’s equation, Equation (A), describes the drug release behaviour from the polymers.

There are no human data available on the consequences of CLANZA CR overdosage. If overdosage is observed, therapeutic measures should be taken according to symptoms; supportive and symptomatictreatment should be given for complications such as hypotension, gastro-intestinal irritation, respiratory depression, and convulsions.

Expert advice for AceclofenacYou have been prescribed Aceclofenac to relieve pain and inflammation. Take it with food or milk to prevent upset stomach. Take it as per the dose and duration prescribed by your doctor. Long term use may lead to serious complications such as stomach bleeding and kidney problems. It may cause dizziness, drowsiness or visual disturbances. Use caution while driving or doing anything that requires concentration. Avoid consuming alcohol while taking Aceclofenac as it can cause excessive drowsiness and increase your risk of stomach problems. Inform your doctor if you have a history of heart disease or stroke. Your doctor may regularly monitor your kidney function, liver function and levels of blood components, if you are taking this medicine for long-term treatment.Frequently asked questions for AceclofenacAceclofenacQ. Is Aceclofenac a good painkiller?Aceclofenac is effective in relieving pain and inflammation. It is used to provide relief from various sorts of pain such as sprains, strains and other injuries. It is also helpful in various types of arthritis, gout, pain and inflammation following surgery.Q. Is Aceclofenac safe?Aceclofenac is safe if used in the dose and duration advised by your doctor. Take it exactly as directed and do not skip any dose. Follow your doctor's instructions carefully and let your doctor know if any of the side effects bother you.Q. Does Aceclofenac get you high?No, Aceclofenac does not get you high. It does not have an abuse potential (drug-seeking behavior) and does not cause physical or psychological dependence. However, if you do not feel well, consult your doctor.Q. Can Aceclofenac hurt your kidneys?Long-term use and high doses of Aceclofenac may cause renal problems, such as protein or blood in urine and pain during urination. Patients who had or have heart failure, impaired kidney function and hypertension are at risk of kidney problems. The risk of developing kidney problems is also high in patients who are on medicines which cause excess urination (diuretics), or medicines which have significant impact on kidney function. Along with that, Aceclofenac can affect kidneys of patients who are above 65 years of age or who remain dehydrated. Therefore, kidney function monitoring is recommended for such patients.Q. What if I forget to take a dose of Aceclofenac?If you forget a dose of Aceclofenac, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take the next scheduled dose in the prescribed time. Do not double the dose to make up for the missed one as this may increase the chances of developing side effects.Q. Does Aceclofenac make you drowsy?Aceclofenac can cause drowsiness and also dizziness, fatigue (tiredness) and visual disturbances. However, it is not very common and may not affect everyone. If you experience these symptoms avoid driving or operating heavy machinery.Q. What is the most important information I need to know about Aceclofenac?It is important to know that Aceclofenac may increase your chance of having a heart attack or stroke. The risk is more if you take higher doses and have been using the medicine for a longer time. Also, the use of Aceclofenac may cause ulcers, bleeding, or holes in your stomach and intestine. These problems may happen without warning symptoms at any time during treatment and may even cause death. Therefore, if you encounter any such problems, consult your doctor immediately.Q. Can Aceclofenac be taken during pregnancy?You should not take Aceclofenac during the last 3 months of pregnancy as it may cause harmful effects on your baby. Use of Aceclofenac can also lead to reduced labor (premature delivery). Hence, it is advised to avoid using Aceclofenac during the first 6 months of pregnancy also. In some cases, Aceclofenac may be prescribed in pregnant women only if the benefits outweigh the risks involved with its use in pregnant women. If not sure, consult your doctor regarding its use.Q. Is Aceclofenac effective?Aceclofenac is effective if used in the dose and duration advised by your doctor. Do not stop taking it even if you see improvement in your condition. If you stop using Aceclofenac too early, the symptoms may return or worsen.

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